1 Senfronia Thompson Tx House of Representatives Address
����������� ������ �� ���������� ������������ ���ʻ ��� ��������� 3 ����� ������� ����� �������� ��������� ����������� ������ � ��������� � ����������� ���� �� east-mail ��� ��� ������������� ����������� �������� (��������): *****@***ru Form of Government 1.1. Earlier READING learn the following words and phrases which are essential on the topic: administrative - �������������� (� ������); ����������������, ��������������, ����������������� appoint - ��������� (�� ���������), ���������� (� ���������) say-so - ������, ����������; ����� ������, ����� ����������; ����� ����������� branch of power � ����� ������, ����� ��������������� ���������� citizen - ���������; ��������� (�������� ������ �����������) country � ������; ����� ������; ������, ��������� court � ���, ������ ���� department - �����������; ���������, ������������, ����� elect - �������� (������������), �������� executive = executive dominance, executive branch, executive body, assistants - �������������� ������; �������������; ����� �������������� ������ exercise power � ������������ �������� ����������, ��������� ������, ��������� ��������������� ������ government - ��������������� ����������; ������������ �����; �������������; ����������������� ������� head of country - ����� ����������� independence - ���������, �������������, �����������������, ����������� judiciary = judicial arrangement - �������� ������; �������� �������; �������������� legislature = legislative authority, law-making body, legislative body - ��������������� ������; ��������������� ����� manage - ����������, ���������, ����������; ������ �� ����� monarch = sovereign, the Crown � ������; ������, ��������, ������, �������; ����������� ������ parliament - ��������� policy � ��������, ������������ ����, ���� ��������, ����� ��������� political party - ������������ ������ political power � ��������������� ������, ������������ ������ regulate - ������������, ���������; ����������������; �������������, ��������� � ������� representative commonwealth - ���������������� ���������� rights and freedoms - ����� � ������� separation of power - ���������� ����������, ������������� ������, ���������� ������� serve - �������� �� ��������������� ������, �������, �������� state � �����������; ���� (��� ������� ��������� � ��� � ���������) state structure = state form of regime - ��������������� ���������� ane.2. SCANNING State Organisation of Russia 1. Government is a political organization which performs the functions of the supreme administrative body of a land. Governments are classified in a corking many ways: monarchic systems oppose republican governments; democratic governments are distinguished from dictatorships; federal states are distinguished from unitary states ; cabinet governments are distinguished from presidential ones. 2. The Russian Federation (RF) is a democratic federal state with the republican form of Government. The discussion "federation", as a part of the name of modern Russian federation, means that in our state every political subdivision, despite its size, population, and economics , has the same rights along with others. No region, fifty-fifty the bulk of regions, tin can force the others to accept or make a determination : common agreement is necessary. three. Country power in our country is exercised on the basis of the separation of powers amid the legislative (the Federal Associates), judicial (courts of the RF), and executive (the Government) branches. The President as a head of the state coordinates the activity of all three branches of ability. He is the guarantor of the Constitution of the RF and of homo and ceremonious rights and freedoms of citizens. The President is elected for a term of six years by the citizens of Russia on the footing of full general, equal and direct vote past secret election . A citizen of the RF not younger than 35, who has resided in the RF for not less than 10 years, may be elected President of the RF only not more than than for two terms in succession . 4. The legislative ability is exercised by the Federal Assembly , which consists of the Federation Quango and the State Duma . The Country Duma has 450 seats which are allocated to the various political parties based on national election results. The deputies are elected for a four-twelvemonth term. The Upper Sleeping room - the Federation Quango � reflects the federal nature of our country, whereby political power is divided between a fundamental authority and all locally autonomous units � the Subjects of the Federation. There are ii deputies of the Council from each Subject area: one from the executive and one from the representative bodies . The main job of the deputies is to make laws. five. The executive ability in Russia is exercised by the Authorities headed by the Prime-Minister who is appointed by the President with consent of the State Duma. The Government manages federal property and ensures : o the implementation of a compatible monetary policy in Russia ; o the implementation of a uniform state policy in the field of civilisation, science, instruction, wellness, social security and ecology; o the country's defense, state security and the implementation of the foreign policy of the RF. The work of the Government is regulated by federal ramble law. 6. The judicial power belongs to the organization of courts. Information technology consists of the Ramble Court, the Supreme Court , the Higher Mediation Court and junior courts . All federal judges are appointed by the President of the RF. 7. The Constitutional Court interprets the Constitution of our country. Legislative enactments , executive bylaws and international agreements may not be applied if they violate the Constitution. 8. The Supreme Court is the highest judiciary body on ceremonious, criminal, authoritative and other matters triable by general jurisdiction courts , and shall effect judiciary supervision over their activity and shall offer explanations on judicial practice issues . ix. The Supreme Arbitration Court is the highest judiciary trunk resolving economical disputes and other cases considered by arbitration courts, and carries out judicial supervision over their activity. ane.iii. LEXIS perform - ���������, ��������� monarchic - ������������� republican - ��������������� democratic - ��������������� federal land - ���������, ������������ ����������� unitary state - ��������� ����������� cabinet government � ��������������, ����������� ��������� (������� ���������� ������������, ��� ������� �������� ���� ������ ������� ���������) presidential regime - ������������� ����� ���������; �������������, ����������� � ������������� ������ ����������� subdivision � ������������� despite - �������� ��, ������� ����-�. economics - ������������� �����, ������������� ��������������, ������������� ���������� bulk � ����������� accept � �����������, ��������� brand a determination � ������� ������� common agreement - ����� �������� guarantor - ����������; ������ general, equal and direct vote � �������� ������ ����������� hush-hush ballot - ������ ����������� reside - ���������, ���� in succession - ������ Federal Assembly � ����������� �������� Federation Council � ����� ��������� Country Duma - ��������������� ���� central authority - ����������� ������ locally autonomous unit � ����������������� ���������� deputy - ������� representative trunk - ���������������� ����� consent � ��������, ���������� ensure - �������������, ������������ implementation - ����������, ����������, �������������, ����������, �������� � �������� uniform monetary policy - ������ ��������-�������� �������� uniform country policy � ������ ��������������� �������� social security - ���������� �����������, ���������� ����������� state security � ��������������� ������������ strange policy - ������� �������� Supreme Court - ��������� ��� Higher Arbitration Court � ������ ����������� ��� junior courts - ����������� ��� guess � ����� legislative enactment - ��������������� ��� bylaw - ����������� ���; ������������� ������� ������� ������ apply � ���������, ������������ violate - ��������, ��������, ���������� triable by general jurisdiction courts - ���������� ������������ � ���� ����� ���������� supervision - ������, ����������; �����������, �������� judicial practise issues � ������� �������� �������� resolve economic disputes � �������� ������� �� ������������� ������ carry out - �����������; ���������, ���������; ������������ 1.iv. FORMATION - democrat, democracy, democratic, democratize; - execute, executed, unexecuted, executing, executor, executory, executorial, executive, executable, execution; - govern, governable, ungovernable, governance, governed, governing, governor, governess, authorities, governmental; - parliament, parliamentary, unparliamentary, parliamentarism; - preside, President, presidency, presidential; - represent, representing, represented, representable, representative, representation, unrepresentative, misrepresent, misrepresentation; - republic, republican, republicanism; - supervise, supervised, supervising, supervisory, supervision. 1.five. QUESTIONS one. What is a broad significant of the term �government�? ii. How are governments classified? 3. What kind of state is the RF? four. How many branches of power are on the federal level? Who coordinates all of them? 5. How are the deputies of both chambers of the Federal Assembly called? six. What is the jurisdiction of these two chambers? vii. Who is the executive power in the RF headed by? 8. How is the work of Government regulated? ix. What are: - the powers of the President? - the powers of Government of the Russia? 10. What is the composition of the judicial system in the RF? 11. What is the jurisdiction of three highest judicial bodies? i.6. AGREE OR DISAGREE 1. In a federation no region, even the majority of regions, can force the others to accept a decision. 2. In a federation the form of state structure is highly centralized. 3. The RF President is elected for a term of six years past the deputies of the Federal Associates. 4. Any citizen of the RF may exist elected President of the RF. 5. The Land Duma reflects the federal nature of our state. vi. The main chore of the executive agencies is to make laws. 7. All federal judges are elected by people on the ground of full general, equal and straight vote by secret election. eight. The Supreme Court is the highest judiciary body resolving economic disputes. 1.7. SAY WHAT YOU KNOW about: i) the feature features of federal form of the Russia; 2) pluses and minuses of the commonwealth; 3) the difference between the part of constabulary-enforcement agencies in democratic and totalitarian states. one.8. DEBATES one. Does Russia have national symbols? What do they symbolize? 2. Why does the Parliament serve as the chief apparatus of the democracy? Give arguments. 3. Do you support the argument: �It is not the voting that is republic, it is counting�? iv. What problems of Russian democracy development are the most urgent in your opinion? five. How practice y'all understand the well-known idea: �The essence of the democracy is not the majority power but the protection of the minority�? How does this idea respond the master principle of the commonwealth of minority subordination to the majority? 1.9. BEFORE READING 1. What do you know about the European monarchies? 2. Proper name some of the British Monarchs. What did they become famous for? 1.10. SCANNING British Monarchy 1. The Britain is one of half-dozen constitutional monarchies within the European Community . The kingdom includes the island of United kingdom (comprising England, Scotland, and Wales) and Northern Ireland. Windsor as the name of the royal family of Great Great britain was adopted in 1917. The name was taken from Windsor Castle . Reigning members of the house of Windsor have been George V, Edward VIII, George VI, and Elizabeth II. 2. Actually the Monarch reigns but does not rule . He or she summons and dissolves Parliament; he/she commonly opens new sessions of Parliament with a speech from the throne in which the major regime policies are outlined. The Monarch must requite the Royal Assent before a Bill which has passed all its stages in both Houses of Parliament can become a legal enactment (Act of Parliament). Equally Head of State the Monarch has the power to sign international agreements, to cede or receive territory, and to declare war or make peace. The Monarch confers honours and makes appointments to all important offices of land , including ministers, judges, officers in the armed services, diplomats and the leading positions in the Established Church building . These acts course part of the Royal Prerogative , defined equally arbitrary authority of legislative, executive and judicial character. 3. The Firm of Commons is a popular assembly elected for a term of not more than 5 years by most universal developed suffrage . The Members of Parliament (MPs) - stand for 660 geographical areas ( constituencies ) into which the country is divided for electoral purposes (528 for England, 41 for Wales, more than seventy for Scotland and about xx for Northern Republic of ireland). If an MP dies, resigns or is made a peer , a by-ballot is held in that constituency to elect a new MP. Leaders of the Regime and Opposition sit on the front benches of the Commons, with their supporters ( back-benchers ) behind them. The Firm is presided over by the Speaker . iv. The House of Lords is probably the only upper House in the autonomous globe whose members are not elected. Information technology is fabricated up of the Lords Spiritual (the Archbishops of York and Canterbury and 25 bishops) and the Lords Temporal . The number of peers is non fixed ; every bit of ane April 2011 the House of Lords had 792 members. Only ninety of them were hereditary peers. The residuum were life peers , named by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister, thus they could not laissez passer on their title when they dice. The principal legislative function of peers is to examine and revise bills from the Eatables but the House can only filibuster a Neb from becoming police force for a maximum of 12 months. The Lords cannot normally preclude proposed legislation from becoming law if the Eatables insists on it. 5. Executive ability in Swell United kingdom belongs to a Prime Government minister and the chiffonier of ministers. The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the majority political party in the House of Commons. He or she consults and advises the Monarch on government business , supervises and to some extent coordinates the piece of work of the various ministries and departments and is the main spokesperson for the government in the House of Commons. 6. The chiffonier is the nucleus of custom, cabinet ministers are selected from among members of the 2 houses of Parliament. They are appointed by the Crown on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The number of members of the British cabinet varies but ordinarily is about 25-30 ministers. The cabinet meets in private and its deliberations are secret; no vote is taken, and, by the principle of "chiffonier unanimity ", collective responsibility is assumed for all decisions taken. It is a political convention for the Cabinet to human action as a unmarried human , which means that a minister who cannot accept a Cabinet decision must resign . 7. The primary opposition party forms a Shadow Cabinet , which is more or less every bit the Government would be if the party were in power, and the relevant members act as opposition spokesmen on major problems. 1.xi. LEXIS European Customs - ����������� ������������� ���������� adopt - ��������� Windsor Castle - ����������� ����� (���� �� ����������� ���������� ���������� ���������� ������� � �. ��������, �������� �������; ���������� ������������ � ������������� ��������. ������������� ����� ������ ��� ���������� ����������� � 1070) reign � �����������; ����� ������, ������� rule - �������; �������������� summon � ��������, �������� dissolve - ���������� ������������, ���������� Royal Prerogative - ����������� ����������� Royal Assent - ����������� ������� (��������� ����������� ������) nib - ������������ legal enactment - �����, ����, ��������������� ��� sign - �����������(��), ������� ������� cede - ���������, ������� confer honours - ��������, �������� �������, ������� appointment � ���������� (�� ���������, �����) office of country - ��������������� ���������, ���������� Established Church - ��������������� ������� (���������� �������� ������������ � �������� ������������� ��) arbitrary authority � ���������� ����������� ��������� ������� House of Commons - ������ ����� pop assembly � �������� �������� universal developed suffrage - �������� ������������� ����� constituency - ������������� ����� be fabricated a peer - �������� � ����, ��������� ������ ������ ������ hold by-election - ��������� �������������� ������ front end demote - ������������ ������ � ���������� ���������� ��� ������, ���������� �������� ��������� � ���������� back-bencher - ������� ���� ����������, "���������������" preside over - �������������������� Speaker - ������ (������� ����������� ���� � ������ �����; ������������������ �� � ����������, ������ �� ����������� ������ ������������� ��������� � �������� �������; ���������� �� ����� ������ ������; �� ��������� ������� � ������� � �����������, �� ����������� ��� �������, ����� ������ ������� �������; ����� ��� ����� �������� ��������) House of Lords - ������ ������ upper House - ������� ������ Lords Spiritual - "�������� �����" (�������� - ����� ������ ������) Lords Temporal - "������� �����" (�������� ����� ������ ������) fix - �������������; ����������� hereditary peer - �������������� ��� life peer - ����������� ��� pass on - ����������, ��������� (�� ���������� � �. �.) examine � �������������; ������� revise - ������������, ��������, ��������������, ��������������, �������������� filibuster - �����������, ���������; �������������� foreclose - ��������������, ������, �� ��������� proposed legislation - ������������ ������������ insist on - ���������� �� bulk political party � ������ ����������� government business - ��������������� ������ ministry - ���������, �����������, ������������ spokesperson � �������������; ����, ����������� �� �����-�. �����, ������ nucleus - ����; ����� cabinet minister - ���� ������ ��������� vary - ��������(��), ������(��) integrate � ����������, ������������� submission - �������� �� ������������, ������������� ���������� in private - �������; ��������������� deliberation - ������������, ����������, ��������� unanimity - ���������� collective responsibility - ������������ ��������������� (������� ����������, ��� ������� ������ ���� ������, ������������ �������, ��������� ���� �������� ������ ��� ������� �������� �� ���� ������ ��������������� �� ��� ������� ������� ������) unmarried man � ���� ����, ������ ������� resign - ������� � ��������, �������� � ��������; ��������� ���� Shadow Cabinet - "������� �������" (������������� ������� ������� ������������� ������, ��������� �� ������� �������� ���� ������, ������� ���������� ���� �� ���������, ��� � ����� ��������) i.12. Formation - constitution, constitutional, unconstitutional, not-constitutional, constitutionalism, constitutionality, constitutionally; - evolve, development, evolutional, evolutionist, evolutionary; - king, kingcraft, kingdom, kinglike, kingly, kingmaker; - monarch, monarchy, monarchist, monarchic, monarchical. - history, prehistory, historic, prehistoric, historical, historically, historian, historiography, historiographer, historicity; - oppose, opposable, opposed, opposer, opposing, opposite, oppositely, opposition. 1.xiii. QUESTIONS 1. How many European states are constitutional monarchies? 2. Which parts does the Uk comprise? 3. What are the powers and functions of the Monarch today? 4. Who governs in the name of the Sovereign? 5. How are cabinet members selected? 6. What does the British Parliament consist of? 7. What types of lords are in the upper sleeping accommodation? 8. How are members of the House of Eatables elected? 9. How long is the term of MPs? 10. Is the Prime number Minister in GB usually elected or appointed? 11. What are the functions of the Prime number Minister? 12. How is the Cabinet formed? thirteen. Is the number of members of the British Chiffonier fixed? 14. It is a political convention for the Cabinet to act equally a unmarried man. What does it mean? 15. What is a Shadow Chiffonier? 1.14. Agree OR DISAGREE 1. In fact the Monarch reigns but does not rule. 2. The Monarch makes appointments to all important offices of land, excluding judges and leading positions in the Established Church. 3. Function of the Queen's Royal Prerogative is the power to prorogue Parliament. 4. A Nib becomes an Act of Parliament even without the Imperial Assent. 5. A Cabinet cannot exist formed or a Government minister cannot accept up function without the Monarch's consent and blessing. 6. The Monarch does not have the power to cede territory or to declare war. 7. The position of Prime Government minister is based on convention, not statute. 8. The Crown presides over meetings of the Cabinet. 9. The Chiffonier meets in private and its discussions are secret. 10. The Cabinet determines, controls and integrates the regime policies which are then presented to Parliament for consideration. ane.xv. SAY WHAT Y'all KNOW most: 1) whatever of the 56 monarchs of England, from Alfred the Great, in the ninth century, to Elizabeth Ii today; 2) the changes that the Majestic Family unit has shown itself willing to accept, such as The Queen�southward decision to pay revenue enhancement, changes being made to the Ceremonious List, and the opening of Buckingham Palace to the public to assist fund the restoration of Windsor castle; three) the history of the British Parliament; 4) some traditions and ceremonies still kept in the Parliament; 5) the U.k. Ramble Reform, 1999; half dozen) the time to come of the monarchy in Great United kingdom. one.xvi. Earlier READING Provide a detailed examination of the historical and philosophical origins of the federal thought and its subsequent evolution equally mod federalism. 1.17. SCANNING US Political Organization i. The The states is a federal commonwealth and a representative democracy on the continent of North America, consisting of fifty states. The nation Constitution defines the powers of national and land governments, the functions and framework of all iii branches of federal government (legislative, executive, judicial) and the rights of individual citizens. 2. The grade of government is based on three main principles: federalism , the separation of powers, and respect for the Constitution and the rule of constabulary . Americans are subject area to 2 governments, that of their state and that of the Union, and each has its own distinct function. Usa take, under the Constitution, the master functions of providing police force and order , educational activity, public health and virtually of the things which concern day-to-day life. The Federal government at Washington is concerned with foreign diplomacy and with matters of general business concern to all the states, including commerce between u.s.a.. iii. At each level, in state and Matrimony, at that place is a constitution which defines and limits political power, and which provides safeguards confronting tyranny and ways for popular participation . In each state, power is divided betwixt three agencies , with law-making power given to a legislature (normally of two houses, elected for stock-still terms), an executive (the governor ), and finally the judges of the State Supreme Court . Each state is divided into counties , which accept their own powers, and there are also special-purpose areas for some functions of local interest. four. The Federal government also has three elements - executive (the President), legislature ( Congress ) and judicial (federal courts), and the three elements are checked and balanced by one some other. The President is the effective head of the executive branch of government equally well as head of land. In November of each spring twelvemonth a President is elected to serve for exactly four years from a fixed 24-hour interval in the following Jan. The iv-year rhythm has never been broken. Together with the President, a Vice-President is elected, and if the President dies the Vice-President becomes President for the unexpired part of the four years - which could exist three years or only three months. Co-ordinate to the Constitution a Vice-President acts every bit the presiding officer of the U. S. Senate. five. Since the adoption of the Constitution, the national regime has increased its functions in economic and social matters and has shared more responsibilities with u.s.. The executive branch of the government, headed past the President, comprises 14 departments : e. g. the Department of State , Department of Treasury , Department of Justice , Section of Commerce , Department of Health and Human Services , Department of Instruction, Department of Transportation , Department of Free energy . 6. All legislative powers are exercised past the Congress of the United States. Congress consists of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives . The Senate contains 100 senators , two representing each state - a provision of the Constitution non subject to subpoena . The 435 members of the House are elected by the different states on the basis of their population at the about recent U. Southward. demography . California has the largest number of representatives, 52; several states, such as Delaware , Alaska and Vermont , accept but one. Representatives serve two-twelvemonth terms, and senators six-twelvemonth terms. Every two years all 435 members of the House are elected, and ane-third of the senators. 7. The federal court system includes the Supreme Court of the Us, established by the Constitution; and 12 courts of appeal (sometimes chosen circuit courts ), 91 district courts , and special courts such as the Tax Court and the Courtroom of Veterans' Appeals , all established by Congress. The federal courts perform ii ramble functions. First, they interpret the significant of laws and administrative regulations ; this is known as statutory construction . Second, the courts determine whether any law passed by Congress or state legislatures, or whatsoever administrative action taken by the national or country executive branches, violates the U. S. Constitution; this is known as judicial review . one.18. LEXIS framework - ���������, �������� federalism - ���������� respect for - ��������; ������������ ��������� rule of police - ������� ���������� ����� be field of study to � �����������, ���������� ��� ���������, �������� �� distinct - ���������; ������, �������������� provide � ������������, ������������� police force and order - ������������ public health - ��������������� concern - ��������, ����������; ����������� twenty-four hour period-to-day - ���������, ���������, ������������ be concerned with - ������� ���-�.; ��������� � ���-�.; ������� ��������� � ����-�. foreign diplomacy - ������������� ���������; ������� �������� thing - ����, ������, ������� commerce - ��������; ��������� safeguards - ���� ������������ means � ��������, �������� pop participation - ������� ���������, �������� ��������� bureau - �����, ����������, �����������, ��������� law-making power - ����� ����������������, ����� �������������������� governor - ���������� State Supreme Courtroom � ��������� ��� ����� canton - �����, ��������, �������� special-purpose area � ��������������� �������������, ������������ ��� ���������� ���� (�����, ������������� �� ������ �������� �������� ���������� �������; ����� � ������� ������������ � ����� ����������� � �. �.) Congress - �������� check - ������������, ����������, ����������, ������������ rest - ��������� ����������; �������������� (���-�.; ���-�.) effective � ��.: �����������; ����������� spring year - ���������� ��� rhythm � ����, �������������, ����������� vice-president - ����-��������� unexpired - ���������� (� �����) presiding officer - �������������������� ����, ����, ����������� �� ������������� �������� ������� national government - �����������, ������������ ������������� increment - �����������; ��������� share - ������, ������������; ���������, �������� responsibility � ���������������; �����������; ������������� comprise - ��������, ��������� � ����, ��������� Department of Country - ��������������� ����������� (������������ ����������� ��� ���) Section of Treasury - ������������ �������� Department of Justice - ������������ ������� Department of Commerce - ������������ �������� Department of Wellness and Human being Services - ������������ ��������������� � ���������� ����� [����������� �����������] Department of Transportation � ������������ ���������� Department of Energy - ������������ ���������� Senate - ����� (������� ������ ��������� ���) House of Representatives - ������ �������������� (������ ������) senator � �������, ���� ������ ��� provision - ���������, ������� (�������� � �. �.) non subject area to amendment � �� ����������� ��������, �� ���������� ��������� census - �������� ���������, ���� �������� Delaware - ������� (���������� - DE ��� Del.) Vermont - ������� court of appeal - ������������� ��� excursion court - ����������� �������� ��� district court - ����������� �������� ��� (������ ���������) Taxation Court - ��������� ��� Court of Veterans' Appeals � ���, ��������������� ��������� ��������� interpret - ���������, ���������, ���������������� administrative regulation - ���������������� ����������� statutory construction - ���������� ������ violate - ��������, ��������, ���������� judicial review - �������� �������� 1.19. FORMATION - amend, amending, amended, unamended, amendable, amendatory, amendment; - limit, limitable, limited, limitless, unlimited, delimited, limiting, limitating, limitation, limiter; - settle, settleable, settled, settler, settlement, settling, unsettled; - stable, unstable, stableness, stability, unstability, stabilize, stabilizing, stabilized, unstabilized, stabilizer, stabilizable, stabilization, stabilizator. 1.xx. QUESTIONS 1. How many states are there in the USA? ii. How old is the The states Constitution? 3. Each country in the USA has its own constitution, doesn�t information technology? 4. What is the US national government responsible for? five. The seat of the national government is New York, isn�t it? 6. What is the purpose of creating a system of checks and balances? 7. How many members are chosen to the U.s. Congress? 8. Do all states have the same number of members of the Firm of Representatives? ix. Are all senators reelected every two years? 10. What is the structure of the federal court system? xi. Why are federal courts sometimes called constitutional courts? one.21. Concur OR DISAGREE ane. Americans are subject to two governments. 2. The executive branch of the federal government comprises 25 departments. 3. Representatives serve four-twelvemonth terms, and senators 2-year terms. 4. The Supreme Court of the United states of america, besides every bit 12 courts of appeal, 91 district courts, and special courts such as the Tax Courtroom and the Court of Veterans' Appeals, are all established by Congress. five. The federal courts perform two ramble functions. i.22. SAY WHAT YOU KNOW about: 1) how the Constitution of the United states of america was created; ii) amendments to the United states Constitution; 3) the Neb of Rights (1791) as a function of the US Constitution; 4) elections of the Usa President and the part of Electoral College; 5) some of the American states. ane.23. DEBATES In Russia, the national (ethnic) principle, even though supplemented by the territorial i, has become the crucial one in building federal statehood. On the opposite, the national (ethnic) cistron is non a federal principle in the USA and has no meaning in the construction of American federalism. Why is it and then? 1.24. KEY WORDS Human activity of Parliament administrative authority branch of power by-election Chiffonier chairperson checks and balances citizen Congress constituency constitution constitutional court land courtroom department deputy executive body Federal Assembly federal courtroom federal government federalism Federation Quango general ballot(s) government head of state Higher Arbitration Court Business firm of Commons independence judiciary legislature Lord bulk political party monarch Official Opposition parliament parliamentary monarchy policy political party political power President representative democracy rights and freedoms Royal Family separation of power Shadow Cabinet Speaker country State Duma state government Field of study of the Federation Supreme Court to engage to be subject to to elect to exercise ability to manage to regulate to serve Vice-President 1.25. MAKE A Written report on the topic �Grade of Authorities�, paying attending to the post-obit points in your speech communication: - definition of government as a political organization; - classification of governments; - division of powers in modern governments; - comparative description of construction, limerick and functions of three branches of power (legislative, executive and judicial) in Russian federation, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and the USA. ���������� ������� two . ��������� ����� ��������������� � ����� �������������� �����, ���������� �� �� ������� ����. ������: a man � men: ������� � ������� a case, a dispute, a spy, a courtroom, a estimate, a sentence, a state, a woman, a constabulary, a right, an organ, a child. ������� 3. ��������� �������� ���������������� ������� ������� to be � is/are, � ����������� �� ����� ����������������. 1. Where � your trousers? 2. Could y'all tell me where the scissors �. three. Tonight, there � athletics on Television. 4. Money � easy to spend and hard to save. 5. Gloves � worn in cold weather. 6. This student�southward noesis � astonishing. vii. Love � the reason for much happiness in the world. 8. Your pyjamas � on the bed. nine. My luggage � too heavy to acquit. 10. This bread � stale. 11. My advice to you � to stay at dwelling house. 12. The glasses � in the cupboard. 13. My mum�s hair � really long. 14. Our bathroom scales � quite accurate. 15. Darts � a popular game in England. 16. This piece of work � too hard for me. 17. People � unhappy with the new taxation system. 18. Police � the department of authorities concerned with maintenance of public order and enforcement of laws. ������� 4 . ������� �����������, ���������� �� �� ������� ����, ��������� ������������ �������� ��� �� ����������. ������: The law is on our side. � ����� �� ����� �������. the law � ������������ �������, ��� ��� ���� ���� � ���������� ������; our side � ���������� ������� ����������� ���, ��� ����� ��������������� ���� ������ ������������ � ���� ��������������� �����������. A. 1. Criminology deals with crime and its various aspects. 2. Crimes nonetheless exist at the nowadays stage of social development. iii. The criminal justice organisation is the process by which people who are accused of crimes are judged in court. 4. The investigator solved the crime rapidly. five. The Government takes a number of measures to foreclose crime. vi. The judge determined the juvenile�s human action as a crime. 7. He gave up law to become a author. 8. Legislation volition be difficult and accept time. 9. New legislation is to be introduced to help single-parent families. B. ane. Great Britain is situated to the northwest of Europe on the British Isles. It is made upwardly of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Republic of ireland. 2. In the middle of Trafalgar Foursquare is the famous Nelson Column, which was built in retentiveness of Admiral Nelson�s victory at Trafalgar. 3. The most famous English painters are Reynolds, Turner and Constable. 4. There are many large industrial cities in Smashing United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, such equally Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow and others. 5. The English are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them. ������� 5. �������� �������: a , an , the . ���������� ����������� �� ������� ����. I arrived at � airport but in fourth dimension to come across � plane accept off. At that place is nothing unusual virtually this, exept that I was supposed to be on that aeroplane! When I went to � desk-bound to ask when � side by side bachelor flight was, I heard � atrocious dissonance. I turned to see � car crashing through � front end windows with � constabulary car just behind it. As I ran towards � difference gate � policeman stopped me to meet if I was � armed robber they were chasing. I told him I was not � armed robber but � man of affairs who had missed his plane. He let me get and I was able to take hold of � final flight to my destination. ������� 6. ������� � ���������� ������ ����, ������� �������� �� ������� �������������� �����������. ������: this country�s economy � ��������� ���� ������, these countries� economy � ��������� ���� ����� that estimate�south cases, the courts� sentences, Procurator�s Function, people�s rights and duties, these lawyers� piece of work, the earth�due south opinion, the deputies� reports. ������� seven. �������������� �����������, ���������� �������������� �����. 1. I�ll encounter yous at (the hotel � entrance) after. 2. We saw (Mrs Jones � dog) in the park. three. They spoke to (Tim and Mary � daughter) yesterday. 4. I would like yous to meet (a friend � my). five. Here are (two compositions � Tina). 6. We will exit on (tonight � the flight). 7. This is (the children � the classroom). eight. Take you seen (John � Sally � houses)? ix. I stayed at my mother-in-law � house last night. 10. (The price � living) is rise chop-chop nowadays. ������� 8. ������� � ���������� ��������� ������ ���������������, ����������� ������� ����� � ������ �����. ������ : court sentences � ��������� ���� law faculties, jail term, trial procedure, law-billow, finger print system, crime problems, law-breaking prevention, criminal offense prevention measures, the Public Wellness Ministry, court practise, labour council, UN member states, crime prevention problems. ������� nine . ������� � ���������� ��������� ����� � ����������, ����������� �������� ��������� ���������������. ������: state system of Russia � ��������������� ���������� ������ elected by people, head of the state, separation of powers, headed by the Prime-Minister, to put out the burn down with water, system of courts, appointed past the President, clear to everybody, to cutting with a sharp knife ������� ten. ��������� �������� ���������������� ����������. A) This is the Sheriff�s Part in Mexico City. The sheriff is sitting � his desk. At that place are lots of papers and books � his desk-bound. There are some photographs of �wanted� men all � the office � the walls. � the sheriff�s head there is a clock. A prisoner is looking � the bars of the cell. A bunch of keys is hanging � the jail cell � the wall. � the sheriff�s desk-bound there is a filing cabinet with a coat stand � it. B) Last year I went � a trip which was an absolute disaster. I was going to Berlin � concern when, � accident, I got � the incorrect train. We were � the style � Brussels before I realized my mistake. When I got � Brussels I had more problems because all my money was � German Marks and I didn�t have my credit menu with me. � risk, I found a helpful policeman, who was soon � the phone to my company. Thanks � his assistance I was able to adapt for some money to be sent to a nearby banking company. I spent that night � a hotel and paid my pecker � cash before leaving. � the finish I got � Berlin xx-four hours afterward than I had expected. Anybody thought my trip was a large joke, especially when I told them I had seen Brussels � the fashion. ������� xi. ��������� ������ ��������� ������ �����������. ���������� ������ . Ben: Have yous seen Martin today? Sue: Yep. � saw him this morning time. � was coming out of the travel agent�s. Ben: Did � ask �where � was going? Sue: Yep. He said � was going to Italia with Mary for 2 weeks. � was at the travel amanuensis�s every bit well. � both looked very excited and happy. Ben: Shall � go on holiday together somewhere this year? Sue: Mary told � that � had a great time in Italia last year. Shall � ask � how much � toll? ������� 12. ��������� �������� ������� �������������. ���������� ����������� . 1. Nobody except � knows where the central is kept, and I�m not telling yous. 2. �Who bought these flowers?� �It was � . I thought yous�d like them�. iii. �I oasis�t met Mark notwithstanding � is � here?� four. �I�ve had plenty of this party�. �� also�. 5. He�s faster than �, but I�yard stronger than � . six. John�s ii years younger than Alice, but ��s well-nigh as tall as � . 7. �Who said that?� �It was � - the human being in glasses.� 8. You�ve got almost the same colour of the optics as � . 9. You may exist older than �, simply I don�t accept to do what yous say. 10. �Which is John�s wife?� �That must exist � just getting out of the auto.� ������� 13. ������� �����������, ���������� ��, ������� ������� ����������� it . ������: Equally criminal offense even so exists information technology is important to explain its causes. - ��� ��� ������������ ��� ����������, ����� ��������� �� �������. It � ���������� ����������, its � �������������� �����������. 1. A offense is a unsafe anti-social act. Information technology affects the interests of the whole order even when it is directed against an private person. 2. It is the Parliament that passes new laws. 3. Elections are universal. It means that all citizens at the age of xviii accept the right to elect. 4. It is the duty of the procurator to withdraw the charge if he finds that the accused is not guilty. 5. Information technology is of import to give all evidence today. vi. I have a proficient English lexicon. You lot may take it if you need. ������� fourteen . ����������� ����� � ���������� �������, ����� ���������� �����������. ���������� ����������� . ������ : Try, cases, criminal, civil, the district courts, and. The commune courts endeavor criminal and civil cases. - �������� ���� ������������� ��������� � ����������� ����. 1. A constabulary inspector, equally, works, he. 2. Foreclose, and, the police, criminal offence, detect. 3. The jury, him, of murder, acquitted. four. Is, the criminal, who? 5. Supervises, the main clerk, of, the work, the section. 6. Criminal law, criminal offenses, defines. 7. Prison, predominantly, populations, male and relatevly young, are. viii. Capital penalty, abolished, was, all, murders. 9. Pinkerton, the son sergeant, of, a, police, was. 10. Mafia, is, organized, group, a big, of criminals. 11. Congress, the legislative, of the USA, represents, power. 12. Firm, the members, of the Lords, elected, are, not.
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